Tricuspid Regurgitation in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: a right ventricular volumetric and functional analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The consequences of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) for right ventricular (RV) function and prognosis in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are poorly described and effects of tricuspid valve repair on the RV are difficult to predict. METHODS: In 92 PAH patients with available cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) studies, TR volume was calculated as the difference between RV stroke volume and forward stroke volume, i.e. pulmonary artery stroke volume. Survival was estimated from the time of the CMR scan to cardiopulmonary death or lung transplantation. In a subgroup, pressure-volume loop analysis including two-parallel elastances was applied to evaluate effective elastances, including net afterload: effective arterial elastance (Ea), forward afterload: effective pulmonary arterial elastance (Epa), and backward afterload: effective tricuspid regurgitant elastance (ETR). The effects of tricuspid valve repair were simulated using the online software package Harvi. RESULTS: 26% of PAH patients had a TR volume ≥30 mL. Greater TR volume was associated with increased NT-proBNP (p=0.018), mean right atrial pressure (p<0.001) and RV end-systolic and -diastolic volume (both p<0.001). TR volume ≥30 mL was associated with a poor event-free survival (p=0.008). In comparison to Ea, Epa correlated better with indices of RV dysfunction. Lower end-systolic elastance (Ees, p=0.002) and ETR (p=0.030), higher Epa (p=0.001), reduced Ees/Epa (p<0.001) were found in patients with a greater TR volume. Simulations predicted that tricuspid valve repair increases RV myocardial oxygen consumption in PAH patients with severe TR and low Ees unless aggressive volume reduction is accomplished. CONCLUSIONS: In PAH, TR has prognostic significance and is associated with low RV contractility and RV-PA uncoupling. However, haemodynamic simulations showed detrimental consequences of tricuspid valve repair in PAH patients with low RV contractility.

Predominance of M2 macrophages in organized thrombi in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension patients.

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a debilitating disease characterized by thrombotic occlusion of pulmonary arteries and vasculopathy, leading to increased pulmonary vascular resistance and progressive right-sided heart failure. Thrombotic lesions in CTEPH contain CD68+ macrophages, and increasing evidence supports their role in disease pathogenesis. Macrophages are classically divided into pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages, which are involved in wound healing and tissue repair. Currently, the phenotype of macrophages and their localization within thrombotic lesions of CTEPH are largely unknown. In our study, we subclassified thrombotic lesions of CTEPH patients into developing fresh thrombi (FT) and organized thrombi (OT), based on the degree of fibrosis and remodeling. We used multiplex immunofluorescence histology to identify immune cell infiltrates in thrombotic lesions of CPTEH patients. Utilizing software-assisted cell detection and quantification, increased proportions of macrophages were observed in immune cell infiltrates of OT lesions, compared with FT. Strikingly, the proportions with a CD206+INOS- M2 phenotype were significantly higher in OT than in FT, which mainly contained unpolarized macrophages. Taken together, we observed a shift from unpolarized macrophages in FT toward an expanded population of M2 macrophages in OT, indicating a dynamic role of macrophages during CTEPH pathogenesis.

Pulmonary vascular phenotype identified in patients with GDF2 (BMP9) or BMP10 variants: an international multicentre study.

BACKGROUND: Bone morphogenetic proteins 9 and 10 (BMP9 and BMP10), encoded by GDF2 and BMP10, respectively, play a pivotal role in pulmonary vascular regulation. GDF2 variants have been reported in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). However, the phenotype of GDF2 and BMP10 carriers remains largely unexplored. METHODS: We report the characteristics and outcomes of PAH patients in GDF2 and BMP10 carriers from the French and Dutch pulmonary hypertension registries. A literature review explored the phenotypic spectrum of these patients. RESULTS: 26 PAH patients were identified: 20 harbouring heterozygous GDF2 variants, one homozygous GDF2 variant, four heterozygous BMP10 variants, and one with both GDF2 and BMP10 variants. The prevalence of GDF2 and BMP10 variants was 1.3% and 0.4%, respectively. Median age at PAH diagnosis was 30 years, with a female/male ratio of 1.9. Congenital heart disease (CHD) was present in 15.4% of the patients. At diagnosis, most of the patients (61.5%) were in New York Heart Association Functional Class III or IV with severe haemodynamic compromise (median (range) pulmonary vascular resistance 9.0 (3.3-40.6) WU). Haemoptysis was reported in four patients; none met the HHT criteria. Two patients carrying BMP10 variants underwent lung transplantation, revealing typical PAH histopathology. The literature analysis showed that 7.6% of GDF2 carriers developed isolated HHT, and identified cardiomyopathy and developmental disorders in BMP10 carriers. CONCLUSIONS: GDF2 and BMP10 pathogenic variants are rare among PAH patients, and occasionally associated with CHD. HHT cases among GDF2 carriers are limited according to the literature. BMP10 full phenotypic ramifications warrant further investigation.

Clinical Correlates of a Nonplexiform Vasculopathy in Patients With a Diagnosis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

BACKGROUND: The clinical phenotype of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) patients has changed. Whether subgroups of patients with IPAH have different vascular phenotypes is a subject of debate. RESEARCH QUESTION: What are the histologic patterns and their clinical correlates in patients with a diagnosis of IPAH or hereditary pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In this this cross-sectional registry study, lung histologic examination of 50 patients with IPAH was assessed qualitatively by two experienced pathologists. In addition, quantitative analysis by means of histopathologic morphometry using immunohistochemistry was performed. Histopathologic characteristics were correlated with clinical and hemodynamic parameters. RESULTS: In this cohort of 50 patients with IPAH, a plexiform vasculopathy was observed in 26 of 50 patients (52%), whereas 24 of 50 patients (48%) showed a nonplexiform vasculopathy. The nonplexiform vasculopathy was characterized by prominent pulmonary microvascular (arterioles and venules) remodeling and vascular rarefaction. Although hemodynamic parameters were comparable in plexiform vs nonplexiform vasculopathy, patients with nonplexiform vasculopathy were older, more often were male, had a stronger history of cigarette smoking, and lower diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (Dlco) at diagnosis. No mutations in established PAH genes were found in the nonplexiform group. INTERPRETATION: This study revealed different vascular phenotypes within the current spectrum of patients with a diagnosis of IPAH, separated by clinical characteristics (age, sex, history of cigarette smoking, and Dlco at diagnosis). Potential differences in underlying pathobiological mechanisms between patients with plexiform and nonplexiform microvascular disease should be taken into account in future research strategies unravelling the pathophysiologic features of pulmonary hypertension and developing biology-targeted treatment approaches.

Imatinib treatment improves hyperglycaemic dysregulation in severe COVID-19: a secondary analysis of blood biomarkers in a randomised controlled trial.

SARS-CoV-2 can induce insulin resistance, which is, among others, mediated by adipose tissue dysfunction and reduced angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) enzymatic activity. In SARS-CoV-2-infected mice, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib attenuates inflammation and improves insulin sensitivity. Here, we report the effects of imatinib on incident hyperglycaemia, circulating levels of glucoregulatory proteins, longitudinal insulin sensitivity and ACE-2 enzymatic activity in 385 hospitalized COVID-19 patients who participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Patients with severe hyperglycaemia had similar demographics compared to those without, but required longer hospital stays and exhibited higher invasive ventilation and mortality rates. The incidence of severe hyperglycaemia was significantly lower in patients treated with imatinib, while insulin production and central insulin sensitivity were unaffected. Imatinib increased plasma angiotensin-2 and adiponectin levels, and decreased c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase 1 (JNK1), JNK2 and interleukin-6 levels. These findings suggest that imatinib restores endocrine control of peripheral glucose uptake in COVID-19.

Correlation between Serum Biomarkers and Lung Ultrasound in COVID-19: An Observational Study.

Serum biomarkers and lung ultrasound are important measures for prognostication and treatment allocation in patients with COVID-19. Currently, there is a paucity of studies investigating relationships between serum biomarkers and ultrasonographic biomarkers derived from lung ultrasound. This study aims to assess correlations between serum biomarkers and lung ultrasound findings. This study is a secondary analysis of four prospective observational studies in adult patients with COVID-19. Serum biomarkers included markers of epithelial injury, endothelial dysfunction and immune activation. The primary outcome was the correlation between biomarker concentrations and lung ultrasound score assessed with Pearson's (r) or Spearman's (rs) correlations. Forty-four patients (67 [41-88] years old, 25% female, 52% ICU patients) were included. GAS6 (rs = 0.39), CRP (rs = 0.42) and SP-D (rs = 0.36) were correlated with lung ultrasound scores. ANG-1 (rs = -0.39) was inversely correlated with lung ultrasound scores. No correlations were found between lung ultrasound score and several other serum biomarkers. In patients with COVID-19, several serum biomarkers of epithelial injury, endothelial dysfunction and immune activation correlated with lung ultrasound findings. The lack of correlations with certain biomarkers could offer opportunities for precise prognostication and targeted therapeutic interventions by integrating these unlinked biomarkers.

Longitudinal plasma proteomics reveals biomarkers of alveolar-capillary barrier disruption in critically ill COVID-19 patients.

The pathobiology of respiratory failure in COVID-19 consists of a complex interplay between viral cytopathic effects and a dysregulated host immune response. In critically ill patients, imatinib treatment demonstrated potential for reducing invasive ventilation duration and mortality. Here, we perform longitudinal profiling of 6385 plasma proteins in 318 hospitalised patients to investigate the biological processes involved in critical COVID-19, and assess the effects of imatinib treatment. Nine proteins measured at hospital admission accurately predict critical illness development. Next to dysregulation of inflammation, critical illness is characterised by pathways involving cellular adhesion, extracellular matrix turnover and tissue remodelling. Imatinib treatment attenuates protein perturbations associated with inflammation and extracellular matrix turnover. These proteomic alterations are contextualised using external pulmonary RNA-sequencing data of deceased COVID-19 patients and imatinib-treated Syrian hamsters. Together, we show that alveolar capillary barrier disruption in critical COVID-19 is reflected in the plasma proteome, and is attenuated with imatinib treatment. This study comprises a secondary analysis of both clinical data and plasma samples derived from a clinical trial that was registered with the EU Clinical Trials Register (EudraCT 2020-001236-10, https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2020-001236-10/NL ) and Netherlands Trial Register (NL8491, https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/8491 ).

Patients with CTEPH and mild hemodynamic severity of disease improve to a similar level of exercise capacity after pulmonary endarterectomy compared to patients with severe hemodynamic disease.

The correlation between hemodynamics and degree of pulmonary vascular obstruction (PVO) is known to be poor in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), which makes the selection of patients eligible for pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) challenging. It can be postulated that patients with similar PVO but different hemodynamic severity have different postoperative hemodynamics and exercise capacity. Therefore, we aimed to assess the effects of PEA on hemodynamics and exercise physiology in mild and severe CTEPH patients. We retrospectively studied 18 CTEPH patients with a mild hemodynamic profile (mean pulmonary arterial pressure [mPAP] between 25 and 30 mmHg at rest) and CTEPH patients with a more severe hemodynamic profile (mPAP > 30 mmHg), matched by age, gender, and PVO. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing parameters were evaluated at baseline and 18 months following PEA. At baseline, exercise capacity, defined as oxygen uptake, was less severely impaired in the mild CTEPH group compared to the severe CTEPH group. After PEA, in the mild CTEPH group, ventilatory efficiency and oxygen pulse improved significantly (p < 0.05), however, the change in ventilatory efficiency and oxygen pulse was smaller compared to the severe CTEPH group. Only in the severe CTEPH group exercise capacity improved significantly (p < 0.001). Hence, in the present study, postoperative hemodynamic outcome and the CPET-determined recovery of exercise capacity in mild CTEPH patients did not differ from a matched group of severe CTEPH patients.

Toward the Implementation of Optimal Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Risk Stratification in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

BACKGROUND: The 2022 European Society of Cardiology/European Respiratory Society pulmonary hypertension (PH) guidelines incorporate cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging metrics in the risk stratification of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Thresholds to identify patients at estimated 1-year mortality risks of < 5%, 5% to 20%, and > 20% are introduced. However, these cutoff values are mostly single center-based and require external validation. RESEARCH QUESTION: What are the discriminative prognostic properties of the current CMR risk thresholds stratifying patients with PAH? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We analyzed data from incident, treatment-naïve patients with PAH from the Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Vrije Universiteit, The Netherlands. The discriminative properties of the proposed CMR three risk strata were tested at baseline and first reassessment, using the following PH guideline variables: right ventricular ejection fraction, indexed right ventricular end-systolic volume, and indexed left ventricular stroke volume. RESULTS: A total of 258 patients with PAH diagnosed between 2001 and 2022 fulfilled the study criteria and were included in this study. Of these, 172 had follow-up CMR imaging after 3 months to 1.5 years. According to the CMR three risk strata, most patients were classified at intermediate risk (n = 115 [45%]) upon diagnosis. Only 29 (11%) of patients with PAH were classified at low risk, and 114 (44%) were classified at high risk. Poor survival discrimination was seen between risk groups. Appropriate survival discrimination was seen at first reassessment. INTERPRETATION: Risk stratifying patients with PAH with the recent proposed CMR cutoffs from the European Society of Cardiology/European Respiratory Society 2022 PH guidelines requires adjustment because post-processing consensus is lacking and general applicability is limited. Risk assessment at follow-up yielded better survival discrimination, emphasizing the importance of the individual treatment response.

Long-term effects of pulmonary endarterectomy on pulmonary hemodynamics, cardiac function, and exercise capacity in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Long-term changes in exercise capacity and cardiopulmonary hemodynamics after pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) have been poorly described. METHODS: We analyzed the data from 2 prospective surgical CTEPH cohorts in Hammersmith Hospital, London, and Amsterdam UMC. A structured multimodal follow-up was adopted, consisting of right heart catheterization, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing before and after PEA. Preoperative predictors of residual pulmonary hypertension (PH; mean pulmonary artery pressure >20 mm Hg and pulmonary vascular resistance ≥2 WU) and long-term exercise intolerance (VO2max <80%) at 18 months were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 118 patients (61 from London and 57 from Amsterdam) were included in the analysis. Both cohorts displayed a significant improvement of pulmonary hemodynamics, right ventricular (RV) function, and exercise capacity 6 months after PEA. Between 6 and 18 months after PEA, there were no further improvements in hemodynamics and RV function, but the proportion of patients with impaired exercise capacity was high and slightly increased over time (52%-59% from 6 to 18 months). Long-term exercise intolerance was common and associated with preoperative diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO), preoperative mixed venous oxygen saturation, and postoperative PH and right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF). Clinically significant RV deterioration (RVEF decline >3%; 5 [9%] of 57 patients) and recurrent PH (5 [14%] of 36 patients) rarely occurred beyond 6 months after PEA. Age and preoperative DLCO were predictors of residual PH post-PEA. CONCLUSIONS: Restoration in exercise tolerance, cardiopulmonary hemodynamics, and RV function occurs within 6 months. No substantial changes occurred between 6 and 18 months after PEA in the Amsterdam cohort. Nevertheless, long-term exercise intolerance is common and associated with postoperative RV function.

Long-Term Effects of Pulmonary Endarterectomy on Right Ventricular Stiffness and Fibrosis in Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Surgical removal of thromboembolic material by pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) leads within months to the improvement of right ventricular (RV) function in the majority of patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. However, RV mass does not always normalize. It is unknown whether incomplete reversal of RV remodeling results from extracellular matrix expansion (diffuse interstitial fibrosis) or cellular hypertrophy, and whether residual RV remodeling relates to altered diastolic function. METHODS: We prospectively included 25 patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension treated with PEA. Structured follow-up measurements were performed before, and 6 and 18 months after PEA. With single beat pressure-volume loop analyses, we determined RV end-systolic elastance (Ees), arterial elastance (Ea), RV-arterial coupling (Ees/Ea), and RV end-diastolic elastance (stiffness, Eed). The extracellular volume fraction of the RV free wall was measured by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and used to separate the myocardium into cellular and matrix volume. Circulating collagen biomarkers were analyzed to determine the contribution of collagen metabolism. RESULTS: RV mass significantly decreased from 43±15 to 27±11g/m2 (-15.9 g/m2 [95% CI, -21.4 to -10.5]; P<0.0001) 6 months after PEA but did not normalize (28±9 versus 22±6 g/m2 in healthy controls [95% CI, 2.1 to 9.8]; P<0.01). On the contrary, Eed normalized after PEA. Extracellular volume fraction in the right ventricular free wall increased after PEA from 31.0±3.8 to 33.6±3.5% (3.6% [95% CI, 1.2-6.1]; P=0.013) as a result of a larger reduction in cellular volume than in matrix volume (Pinteraction=0.0013). Levels of MMP-1 (matrix metalloproteinase-1), TIMP-1 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1), and TGF-ß (transforming growth factor-ß) were elevated at baseline and remained elevated post-PEA. CONCLUSIONS: Although cellular hypertrophy regresses and diastolic stiffness normalizes after PEA, a relative increase in extracellular volume remains. Incomplete regression of diffuse RV interstitial fibrosis after PEA is accompanied by elevated levels of circulating collagen biomarkers, suggestive of active collagen turnover.

Identification of new drugs to counteract anti-spike IgG-induced hyperinflammation in severe COVID-19.

Previously, we and others have shown that SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific IgG antibodies play a major role in disease severity in COVID-19 by triggering macrophage hyperactivation, disrupting endothelial barrier integrity, and inducing thrombus formation. This hyperinflammation is dependent on high levels of anti-spike IgG with aberrant Fc tail glycosylation, leading to Fcγ receptor hyperactivation. For development of immune-regulatory therapeutics, drug specificity is crucial to counteract excessive inflammation whereas simultaneously minimizing the inhibition of antiviral immunity. We here developed an in vitro activation assay to screen for small molecule drugs that specifically counteract antibody-induced pathology. We identified that anti-spike-induced inflammation is specifically blocked by small molecule inhibitors against SYK and PI3K. We identified SYK inhibitor entospletinib as the most promising candidate drug, which also counteracted anti-spike-induced endothelial dysfunction and thrombus formation. Moreover, entospletinib blocked inflammation by different SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Combined, these data identify entospletinib as a promising treatment for severe COVID-19.

Restoration of right ventricular function in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: A 45% threshold of right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) is proposed clinically relevant in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). We aim to determine treatment response, long-term right ventricular (RV) functional stability and prognosis of patients with PAH reaching or maintaining the RVEF 45% threshold. METHODS: Incident, treatment-naive, adult PAH patients with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and first follow-up were included (total N=127) and followed until date of censoring or death/lung transplantation. Patients were categorised into two groups based on 45% RVEF. Baseline predictors, treatment response and prognosis were assessed with logistic regression analyses, two-way analysis of variance and log-rank tests. RESULTS: Patients were 50±17 years old, 73% female, of which N=75 reached or maintained the 45% RVEF threshold at follow-up (RVEF≥45%@FU), while N=52 patients did not (RVEF<45%@FU). RV end-diastolic volume and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide at baseline were multivariable predictors of an RVEF ≥45% at follow-up. A 40% pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) reduction resulted in greater improvement in RV function (ΔRVEF 17±11 vs. 5±8; pinteraction<0.001) compared to a PVR reduction <40%, but did not guarantee an RVEF ≥45%. Finally, the 45% RVEF threshold was associated with stable RV function during long-term follow-up and better survival (HR: 1.91 (95% CI: 1.11 to 3.27)). Patients failing to reach or maintain the 45% RVEF threshold at first follow-up mostly stayed below this threshold over the next consecutive visits. CONCLUSION: After treatment initiation, 60% of patients with PAH reach or maintain the 45% RVEF threshold, which is associated with a long-term stable RV function and favourable prognosis.

Right Atrial Adaptation to Precapillary Pulmonary Hypertension: Pressure-Volume, Cardiomyocyte, and Histological Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Precapillary pulmonary hypertension (precPH) patients have altered right atrial (RA) function and right ventricular (RV) diastolic stiffness. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate RA function using pressure-volume (PV) loops, isolated cardiomyocyte, and histological analyses. METHODS: RA PV loops were constructed in control subjects (n = 9) and precPH patients (n = 27) using magnetic resonance and catheterization data. RA stiffness (pressure rise during atrial filling) and right atrioventricular coupling index (RA minimal volume / RV end-diastolic volume) were compared in a larger cohort of patients with moderate (n = 39) or severe (n = 41) RV diastolic stiffness. Cardiomyocytes were isolated from RA tissue collected from control subjects (n = 6) and precPH patients (n = 9) undergoing surgery. Autopsy material was collected from control subjects (n = 6) and precPH patients (n = 4) to study RA hypertrophy, capillarization, and fibrosis. RESULTS: RA PV loops showed 3 RA cardiac phases (reservoir, passive emptying, and contraction) with dilatation and elevated pressure in precPH. PrecPH patients with severe RV diastolic stiffness had increased RA stiffness and worse right atrioventricular coupling index. Cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area was increased 2- to 3-fold in precPH, but active tension generated by the sarcomeres was unaltered. There was no increase in passive tension of the cardiomyocytes, but end-stage precPH showed reduced number of capillaries per mm2 accompanied by interstitial and perivascular fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: RA PV loops show increased RA stiffness and suggest atrioventricular uncoupling in patients with severe RV diastolic stiffness. Isolated RA cardiomyocytes of precPH patients are hypertrophied, without intrinsic sarcomeric changes. In end-stage precPH, reduced capillary density is accompanied by interstitial and perivascular fibrosis.

Quality of life after patient-initiated vs physician-initiated response to symptom monitoring: the SYMPRO-Lung trial.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies using patient-reported outcomes measures (PROMs) to monitor symptoms during and after (lung) cancer treatment used alerts that were sent to the health-care provider, although an approach in which patients receive alerts could be more clinically feasible. The primary aim of this study was to compare the effect of weekly PROM symptom monitoring via a reactive approach (patient receives alert) or active approach (health-care provider receives alert) with care as usual on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) at 15 weeks after start of treatment in lung cancer patients. METHODS: The SYMPRO-Lung trial is a multicenter randomized controlled trial using a stepped wedge design. Stage I-IV lung cancer patients in the reactive and active groups reported PROM symptoms weekly, which were linked to a common alerting algorithm. HRQOL was measured by the EORTC QLQ-C30 at baseline and after 15 weeks. Linear regression analyses and effect size estimates were used to assess mean QOL-C30 change scores between groups, accounting for confounding. RESULTS: A total of 515 patients were included (160 active group, 89 reactive group, 266 control group). No differences in HRQOL were observed between the reactive and active group (summary score: unstandardized beta [B] = 0.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -3.22 to 4.24, Cohen d effect size [ES] = 0.06; physical functioning: B = 0.25, 95% CI = -5.15 to 4.64, ES = 0.02). The combined intervention groups had statistically and clinically significantly better mean change scores on the summary score (B = 4.85, 95% CI = 1.96 to 7.73, ES = 0.57) and physical functioning (B = 7.00, 95% CI = 2.90 to 11.09, ES = 0.71) compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Weekly PRO symptom monitoring statistically and clinically significantly improves HRQOL in lung cancer patients. The logistically less intensive, reactive approach may be a better fit for implementation.

Precision Medicine for More Oxygen (P4O2)-Study Design and First Results of the Long COVID-19 Extension.

Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to the death of almost 7 million people, however, with a cumulative incidence of 0.76 billion, most people survive COVID-19. Several studies indicate that the acute phase of COVID-19 may be followed by persistent symptoms including fatigue, dyspnea, headache, musculoskeletal symptoms, and pulmonary functional-and radiological abnormalities. However, the impact of COVID-19 on long-term health outcomes remains to be elucidated. Aims: The Precision Medicine for more Oxygen (P4O2) consortium COVID-19 extension aims to identify long COVID patients that are at risk for developing chronic lung disease and furthermore, to identify treatable traits and innovative personalized therapeutic strategies for prevention and treatment. This study aims to describe the study design and first results of the P4O2 COVID-19 cohort. Methods: The P4O2 COVID-19 study is a prospective multicenter cohort study that includes nested personalized counseling intervention trial. Patients, aged 40-65 years, were recruited from outpatient post-COVID clinics from five hospitals in The Netherlands. During study visits at 3-6 and 12-18 months post-COVID-19, data from medical records, pulmonary function tests, chest computed tomography scans and biological samples were collected and questionnaires were administered. Furthermore, exposome data was collected at the patient's home and state-of-the-art imaging techniques as well as multi-omics analyses will be performed on collected data. Results: 95 long COVID patients were enrolled between May 2021 and September 2022. The current study showed persistence of clinical symptoms and signs of pulmonary function test/radiological abnormalities in post-COVID patients at 3-6 months post-COVID. The most commonly reported symptoms included respiratory symptoms (78.9%), neurological symptoms (68.4%) and fatigue (67.4%). Female sex and infection with the Delta, compared with the Beta, SARS-CoV-2 variant were significantly associated with more persisting symptom categories. Conclusions: The P4O2 COVID-19 study contributes to our understanding of the long-term health impacts of COVID-19. Furthermore, P4O2 COVID-19 can lead to the identification of different phenotypes of long COVID patients, for example those that are at risk for developing chronic lung disease. Understanding the mechanisms behind the different phenotypes and identifying these patients at an early stage can help to develop and optimize prevention and treatment strategies.

Discrimination Between Pre- and Postcapillary Pulmonary Hypertension Using Platelet RNA.

Background Appropriate treatment of pulmonary hypertension (PH) is critically dependent on accurate discrimination between pre- and postcapillary PH. However, clinical discrimination is challenging and frequently requires a right heart catheterization. Existing risk scores to detect postcapillary PH have suboptimal discriminatory strength. We have previously shown that platelet-derived RNA profiles may have diagnostic value for PH detection. Here, we hypothesize that platelet-derived RNAs can be employed to select unique biomarker panels for the discrimination between pre- and postcapillary PH. Methods and Results Blood platelet RNA from whole blood was isolated and sequenced from 50 patients with precapillary PH (with different PH subtypes) as well as 50 patients with postcapillary PH. RNA panels were calculated by ANOVA statistics, and classifications were performed using a support vector machine algorithm, supported by particle swarm optimization. We identified in total 4279 different RNAs in blood platelets from patients with pre- and postcapillary PH. A particle swarm optimization-selected RNA panel of 1618 distinctive RNAs with differential levels together with a trained support vector machine algorithm accurately discriminated patients with precapillary PH from patients with postcapillary PH with 100% sensitivity, 60% specificity, 80% accuracy, and 0.95 (95% CI, 0.86-1.00) area under the curve in the independent validation series (n=20). Conclusions This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that particle swarm optimization/support vector machine-enhanced classification of platelet RNA panels may be able to discriminate precapillary PH from postcapillary PH. This research provides a foundation for the development of a blood test with a high negative predictive value that would improve early diagnosis of precapillary PH and prevents unnecessary invasive testing in patients with postcapillary PH.

Tumor-educated platelet blood tests for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer detection and management.

Liquid biopsy approaches offer a promising technology for early and minimally invasive cancer detection. Tumor-educated platelets (TEPs) have emerged as a promising liquid biopsy biosource for the detection of various cancer types. In this study, we processed and analyzed the TEPs collected from 466 Non-small Cell Lung Carcinoma (NSCLC) patients and 410 asymptomatic individuals (controls) using the previously established thromboSeq protocol. We developed a novel particle-swarm optimization machine learning algorithm which enabled the selection of an 881 RNA biomarker panel (AUC 0.88). Herein we propose and validate in an independent cohort of samples (n = 558) two approaches for blood samples testing: one with high sensitivity (95% NSCLC detected) and another with high specificity (94% controls detected). Our data explain how TEP-derived spliced RNAs may serve as a biomarker for minimally-invasive clinical blood tests, complement existing imaging tests, and assist the detection and management of lung cancer patients.

Efficacy and safety of intravenous imatinib in COVID-19 ARDS: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

PURPOSE: A hallmark of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is hypoxaemic respiratory failure due to pulmonary vascular hyperpermeability. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib reversed pulmonary capillary leak in preclinical studies and improved clinical outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. We investigated the effect of intravenous (IV) imatinib on pulmonary edema in COVID-19 ARDS. METHODS: This was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Invasively ventilated patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19 ARDS were randomized to 200 mg IV imatinib or placebo twice daily for a maximum of seven days. The primary outcome was the change in extravascular lung water index (∆EVLWi) between days 1 and 4. Secondary outcomes included safety, duration of invasive ventilation, ventilator-free days (VFD) and 28-day mortality. Posthoc analyses were performed in previously identified biological subphenotypes. RESULTS: 66 patients were randomized to imatinib (n = 33) or placebo (n = 33). There was no difference in ∆EVLWi between the groups (0.19 ml/kg, 95% CI - 3.16 to 2.77, p = 0.89). Imatinib treatment did not affect duration of invasive ventilation (p = 0.29), VFD (p = 0.29) or 28-day mortality (p = 0.79). IV imatinib was well-tolerated and appeared safe. In a subgroup of patients characterized by high IL-6, TNFR1 and SP-D levels (n = 20), imatinib significantly decreased EVLWi per treatment day (- 1.17 ml/kg, 95% CI - 1.87 to - 0.44). CONCLUSIONS: IV imatinib did not reduce pulmonary edema or improve clinical outcomes in invasively ventilated COVID-19 patients. While this trial does not support the use of imatinib in the general COVID-19 ARDS population, imatinib reduced pulmonary edema in a subgroup of patients, underscoring the potential value of predictive enrichment in ARDS trials. Trial registration NCT04794088 , registered 11 March 2021. European Clinical Trials Database (EudraCT number: 2020-005447-23).